{"id":4278,"date":"2021-02-17T17:06:48","date_gmt":"2021-02-17T17:06:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4278"},"modified":"2021-02-25T00:38:09","modified_gmt":"2021-02-25T00:38:09","slug":"4-life-cycle-inventory-analysis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4278","title":{"rendered":"3. Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">During the LCA, the focus was set on the subsystem\u2019s materials and lifetime to study the final effects on the environment. In Fig. 1 the assessment\u2019s boundaries and scope are represented. Thus, taking the processes of raw material extraction, material processing and fabrication as well as the construction of every single system into consideration, while calculating the different associated emissions. These emissions were carried out \u201cfrom cradle to gate\u201d and include considerations for repairs and interventions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-7213\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA-1024x594.png\" alt=\"210224_lca\" width=\"1024\" height=\"594\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA-1024x594.png 1024w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA-300x174.png 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA-520x301.png 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA-740x429.png 740w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA.png 1330w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><em>Fig.1:\u00a0Definition of scope and boundaries for the assessment of the Integrated System<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Four subsystems of four main systems were integrated to form a new joint structure, by which it is necessary to integrate the life cycle inventory of all the individual subsystems to one. The life cycle inventory was made while keeping in mind the scope and goal within the specified boundary, as described earlier.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As mentioned in the introduction, the main goal of this assignment is to reduce maintenance time and increase the time between interventions on the integrated system. The LCA and the related study of the effect of each maintenance action and its duration on the environment throughout an integrated lifetime of 50 years represents the basis for the <a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4280\">Multi-Objective Optimization<\/a> as well a recommendation for an integrated maintenance strategy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the following, the required materials of each subsystem for the LCA are summarized<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4284\"><strong>Wooden Frame<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Main System: Flour Factory<\/li>\n<li>Sub System: Frame<\/li>\n<li>Best Design Option: Wooden frame with steel bracing<\/li>\n<li>Materials Required: Lumber and steel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4286\"><strong>Xpelair<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Main System: Mechanical Ventilation System<\/li>\n<li>Sub System: Heat exchanger<\/li>\n<li>Best Design Option: Xpelair with galvanised sheet steel as a cover, rubber seals for insulation and G4 polyester as a filter material<\/li>\n<li>Materials Required: Galvanised sheet steel, rubber and polyester<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4288\"><strong>Stellio<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Main System: Solar Power Tower Plant<\/li>\n<li>Sub System: Heliostats<\/li>\n<li>Best Design Option: Stellio with reflecting surface of prefab glass panes, radially arranged steel truss as supporting structure and cast in place reinforced concrete for grounding.<\/li>\n<li>Materials Required: Concrete, reinforcement, steel, zinc and glass<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4290\"><strong>Isolated Foundation<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>Main System: Single Storey House<\/li>\n<li>Sub System: Foundation<\/li>\n<li>Best Design Option: RCC Isolated footing with a PCC cap<\/li>\n<li>Materials Required: Cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate for both PCC and RCC as well as reinforcement for RCC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Based on the required material amounts of each subsystem, the values for the energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions as well as environmental costs are calculated. The frequency of intervention during the common lifetime of 50 years were obtained by the timelines considered for the <a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4276\">integrated maintenance strategy<\/a>. In order to include the impact of these frequencies, the output values are multiplied with the values of the frequency for a subsystem. An example is given in the following for the Wooden Frame.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7313 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example.jpg\" alt=\"210224_lca_example\" width=\"706\" height=\"36\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example.jpg 706w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example-300x15.jpg 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example-520x27.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 706px) 100vw, 706px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Fig.2: Example of the calculation of total energy demand for the Wooden Frame and an intervention frequency of 7 for the wooden frame and 1 for the bracing<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A common length and width are chosen as standard measures for the integrated system. For a uniform comparison and to make the calculation of the environmental impact possible, a specific factor is introduced, thus leading to realistic dimensions of each subsystem.\u00a0A detailed example is given <a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=7360\">here.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Finally, an inventory is formed that sums up the material emissions and energy consumption shown in Tab.1.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LCI_materials1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7322 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LCI_materials1.jpg\" alt=\"lci_materials\" width=\"768\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LCI_materials1.jpg 768w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LCI_materials1-300x186.jpg 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LCI_materials1-520x323.jpg 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/LCI_materials1-740x460.jpg 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u00a0Tab.1: Material inventory of the Integrated System<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0To consider the total amount of energy demand, emissions and costs of the integrated system, each subsystem\u2019s emissions were combined into one dataframe (see Fig.3).\u00a0To keep things uniform, the same cost per metric tonne for evaluating the environmental impact monetary are set for all subsystems.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example21.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7327\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example21.jpg\" alt=\"210224_lca_example2\" width=\"597\" height=\"63\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example21.jpg 597w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example21-300x32.jpg 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_Example21-520x55.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Fig.3: Result of LCA \u2013 Total amount of energy demand, greenhouse gas emissions and costs for the integrated system<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0The substructure\u2019s emissions and energy consumption are displayed in Fig.4. It can be stated that the main environmental discharge of the system is its energy consumption of 57% and CO<sub>2<\/sub> emissions of 39%.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_chart.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-7312 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_chart.jpg\" alt=\"210224_lca_chart\" width=\"544\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_chart.jpg 544w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_chart-300x177.jpg 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/210224_LCA_chart-520x307.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 544px) 100vw, 544px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Fig.4:\u00a0 Result of LCA &#8211; Energy and emission proportion of the Integrated System<\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Page Navigation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4272\">1. Integration Context<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4276\">2. Maintenance Strategy\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4278\">3. Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4280\">4. Multi-Objective Optimization<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4282\">5. Interpretations and Decision making<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During the LCA, the focus was set on the subsystem\u2019s materials and lifetime to study the final effects on the environment. In Fig. 1 the assessment\u2019s boundaries and scope are represented. Thus, taking the processes<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=4278\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":72,"featured_media":0,"parent":4115,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"page-templates\/page_fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4278","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4278","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/72"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4278"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4278\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7623,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4278\/revisions\/7623"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4115"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}