{"id":27230,"date":"2026-02-07T17:55:34","date_gmt":"2026-02-07T17:55:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=27230"},"modified":"2026-02-16T15:59:34","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T15:59:34","slug":"module-03-curved-highway","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=27230","title":{"rendered":"Curved Highway System"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>System Overview<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>A highway pavement is a multi-layer civil engineering system designed to distribute traffic loads safely to the subgrade while ensuring durability, drainage, and surface performance. Its key functions are load transfer, user safety, and protection against moisture damage. The system consists of a superstructure (Surface, Shoulder, Drainage System) and a substructure (Base Course, Subbase Course, Subgrade).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ontological Modelling<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>To digitally represent the pavement structure, the system was simulated as an ontology using Prot\u00e9g\u00e9. This method describes the logical hierarchy and relationships of physical components, materials, and uses of the highway pavement. The ontology enables reasoning tasks such as checking material suitability for traffic loads, identifying weak subgrades, and evaluating alternative materials. It acts as a formal knowledge base describing what the system is and how its parts interact. There were four top-level classes used to differentiate concepts: \u2022 \u201cPavementSystem\u201d \u2013 the overall system type (Flexible or Rigid Pavement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u2022 \u201cPavementDomain\u201d \u2013 the physical elements (Surface Course, Base Course, Subbase Course, Subgrade, Shoulder, Drainage System).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2022 \u201cPavementMaterial\u201d \u2013 material types (Asphalt Concrete, Portland-Cement Concrete, Stabilized Soil, Granular Fill).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u2022 \u201cPavementUse\u201d \u2013 operational purposes (Highway, Airport Runway etc).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Object properties (hasSurfaceCourse, hasBaseCourse, hasMaterial, hasUse) link these classes, each of them having a defined domain and range. Data properties (hasThickness, hasElasticModulus, hasPossionsRatio) define engineering properties based on ranges of typical values including: Asphalt modulus = 3500 MPa, concrete = 30,000 MPa, stabilized base = 1000 MPa, and subgrade CBR = 10% (Huang, 2004; AASHTO, 2018; FHWA, 2013). The logical hierarchy follows the formal ontology modelling principles according to Kr\u00f6tzch et al. (2012) and class relation definitions are based on the guidelines of Noy &amp; McGuinnes (2001). The use of object properties to relate the physical elements follow the ontology design principles from Gruber (1993).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"290\" height=\"423\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27231\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure1.<\/strong> Object Property Heirarchy<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-2.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"837\" height=\"635\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-28211\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-2.jpeg 837w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-2-300x228.jpeg 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-2-768x583.jpeg 768w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-2-520x395.jpeg 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-2-740x561.jpeg 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 837px) 100vw, 837px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure.2 <\/strong>Ontology Visualization using OntoGraf<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Parametric Modelling<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The Dynamo model converts ontological concepts into a parametric 3D representation of a two-lane flexible pavement section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The design of highway pavement requires the coordination of geometric, structural and functional parameters. The design challenges creating a parametric model based on varied geometric and layered configurations, as well as drainage system requirements while considering structural stability of the pavement. Pavements can work under various loading and environmental conditions, and changes in parameters or material thickness can influence the costs and durability (Huang, 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is why this model, deals with two high performance criteria which impact the structural and physical performance of the pavement:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Structural Performance<\/strong>, which includes thickness and layer behavior. The response of the structure of the pavement depends on the stiffness and thickness of each layer, such as asphalt, base course, subbase and subgrade layers. Thicker layers lower the stresses while also reducing costs due to greater material usage (AASHTO, 2018). Therefore, the model uses thickness values as parameters to analyze the behavior of the pavement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Surface Geometry and Drainage<\/strong>, which include the slope, shoulder and pipe position. Proper drainage is one of the most important factors influencing the durability and life cycle of pavements. The presence of water may deteriorate the materials, reduce skid resistance and strength of the subgrade layer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Design Alternatives<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>All three alternatives present the importance of small adjustments to key parameters in road design. The smallest numerical changes in the parameters can result in vast difference of pavement performances. To illustrate, alternative B provides the strongest structure, while alternative C delivers an improved and better drainage system. Alternative A which is the base design, represents a common and balanced pavement, therefore used more widely. Using parametric modelling, makes these differences visual and therefore, more understandable. It also is a great tool to test different parameters according to project requirements, with realistic variations, without rebuilding the whole geometry of the model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"117\" class=\"wp-image-27236\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-A.png\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-A.png 354w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-A-300x234.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"111\" class=\"wp-image-27237\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-B.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"131\" class=\"wp-image-27238\" style=\"width: 150px;\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Birgit-C.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Parameter<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Alternative A<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Alternative B<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Alternative C<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Asphalt thickness<\/td><td>0.10 m<\/td><td>0.12 m<\/td><td>0.10 m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Base thickness<\/td><td>0.15 m<\/td><td>0.18 m<\/td><td>0.15 m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Subbase thickness<\/td><td>0.15 m<\/td><td>0.20 m<\/td><td>0.15 m<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slope<\/td><td>2%<\/td><td>2%<\/td><td>3%<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Drainage pipe depth<\/td><td>0.40 m<\/td><td>0.40 m<\/td><td>0.55 m<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"463\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3-1024x463.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27234\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3-1024x463.gif 1024w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3-300x136.gif 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3-768x347.gif 768w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3-520x235.gif 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-3-740x335.gif 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-4.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"672\" height=\"783\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-4.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27235\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"248\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2-1024x248.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27233\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2-1024x248.gif 1024w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2-300x73.gif 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2-768x186.gif 768w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2-520x126.gif 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-2-740x179.gif 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"238\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1-1024x238.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27232\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1-1024x238.gif 1024w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1-300x70.gif 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1-768x178.gif 768w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1-520x121.gif 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/image-1-740x172.gif 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Figure.3<\/strong> Dynamo Workflow <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>AASHTO, 2018.<\/strong> Pavement Management Guide (2 nd ed.). Washington, D.C: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>FHWA, 2013. <\/strong>Drainage Manual. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.<br>Garber, N.J. &amp; Hoel, L.A., 2015. Traffic and Highway Engineering (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gruber, T.R., 1993. <\/strong>A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2), pp.199-220.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Huang, Y.H., 2004. <\/strong>Pavement Analysis and Design (2 nd ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. Kr\u00f6tzsch, M., Simanick, F. &amp; Horrocks, I., 2012. A description Logic Primer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1201.4089.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Noy, N.F. &amp; McGuinness, D.L., 2001. <\/strong>Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology. Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-01-05.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A highway pavement is a multi-layer civil engineering system designed to distribute traffic loads safely to the subgrade while ensuring durability, drainage, and surface performance. Its key functions are load transfer, user safety, and protection<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=27230\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":286,"featured_media":0,"parent":24743,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-27230","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/286"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=27230"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27230\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29144,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27230\/revisions\/29144"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/24743"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=27230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}