{"id":24704,"date":"2026-02-01T21:46:31","date_gmt":"2026-02-01T21:46:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=24704"},"modified":"2026-02-09T19:23:00","modified_gmt":"2026-02-09T19:23:00","slug":"ontology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=24704","title":{"rendered":"Ontology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Introduction & Purpose:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The ontology is designed to represent core concepts for the conceptual design and comparison of truss systems, specifically focusing on timber and steel-timber hybrid structures in structural engineering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Scope:<\/strong>
The scope includes physical truss components (chords, diagonals, verticals), geometric arrangements (web patterns), and analytical entities (materials, profiles, performance data). It focuses strictly on the truss as a load-bearing subsystem, excluding the broader global building context like roof layouts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Intended Users & Use:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Users: Designers, structural engineers, and researchers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Use: Decoupling topology, geometry, and material definitions to allow for automated reasoning across different configurations, facilitating CAD\/FEM workflows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Class Hierarchy:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The ontology follows a structured taxonomy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1.Trusses: Subclassed by geometry (Parallel, Tied Arch, Trapezoidal)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.Physical Components: Chords (Upper\/Lower), Diagonals, and Verticals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The truss is modeled via its physical members: chords, verticals, diagonals, where Chord splits into disjoint Upper\/LowerChord.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3.WebPattern: Abstract topology<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A. Arrangement \u2013 Outer\/Chord-Geometry:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    After surveying common truss families, the outer shape is governed by the geometry of the chords and can be categorized into: straight, curved and pitched: Following Noy & McGuinness\u2019s guidance to avoid redundancy, this is modeled locally on the chords via the data property hasChordShape \u2208 {straight, pitched, curved}, rather than as a global truss attribute (e.g., a hasOverallShape data property).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    B. Arrangement \u2013 Inner\/Web-Geometry:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      The WebPattern class represents abstract topology (not physical members), separating conceptual layout from domain objects (Noy & McGuinness). Each pattern defines symmetry and diagonal orientation via hasVerticals<\/em>, hasDiagonalDirection<\/em>, and panelCount<\/em>. This allows patterns like Warren, Pratt\/Howe, or Vertical-Only to be formally described without having to instantiate individual bars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      4.Material (Wood, Steel), Profile (Dimensions), LoadEntity (System\/Local loads), and StructuralPerformance (Capacity\/Utilization).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Ontograf:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Engineering Examples:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
        \n
      1. Concept Selection: Filtering truss types and patterns for a 32m long-span hall.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Material Substitution:<\/strong> Swapping timber lower chords for steel to address fatigue while keeping the web pattern fixed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Logistics Check: Prefiltering designs based on a 12m maximum element length for transport and fabrication.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Conclusion & Limitations:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        The ontology successfully enables automated design comparison and “what-if” scenarios. However, it currently lacks explicit node\/joint localization, meaning it cannot yet support full structural analysis (boundary conditions and load paths) without further development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        References:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        1.N. F. Noy and D. L. McGuinness, Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology. Stanford KSL Tech. Rep. KSL-01-05, 2001. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/protege.stanford.edu\/publications\/ontology_development\/ontology101-noy-mcguinness.html. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        2.AASHTO\/NSBA Steel Bridge Collaboration, G13.2\u20132024: Guidelines for Steel Truss Bridge Analysis. Washington, DC, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.aisc.org\/globalassets\/nsba\/aashto-nsba-collab-docs\/g13.2-2024-guidelines-for-steel-truss-bridge-analysis.pdf. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        3.Timber Frame Engineering Council (TFEC), TFEC 4-2020: Design Guide for Timber Roof Trusses. 2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/dcstructural.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/TFEC-4-2020-Design-Guide-for-Timber-Roof-Trusses.pdf. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        4.Theoretical Analysis of Truss Height-to-Span Ratio Selection. In: TETR (Trends in Environmental Technology Research) Proceedings, 2024. [Online] (preprint). Available: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/391610677_Theoretical_Analysis_of_Truss_Height-to-span_Ratio_Selection. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        5.D. Johnstone, R. Hairstans, and A. Livingstone, \u201cDesign of a long span Belfast truss using UK home-grown timber,\u201d in ECCM-ECFD 2018 Conference Proceedings, 2018. [Online] (preprint). Available: https:\/\/westernwoodstructures.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/An-Update-on-Bowstring-Truss-Issues-.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        6.A. S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez, \u201cPreventing failure propagation in steel truss bridges,\u201d ce\/papers, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 1018\u20131025, 2023. doi: 10.1002\/cepa.2377. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cepa.2377. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        7.A. Patnaik, \u201cEffective Lengths of Members in Parallel Chord Trusses Made from Hollow Structural Sections,\u201d Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering, vol. 9, no. 5, 2023. doi: 10.33552\/CTCSE.2023.09.000722. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/irispublishers.com\/ctcse\/pdf\/CTCSE.MS.ID.000722.pdf. Accessed: Nov. 10, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        8.CEN, EN 1993-1-1: Eurocode 3 \u2014 Design of steel structures \u2014 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Brussels: European Committee for Standardization, 2005; A1:2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        9.P. Hitzler, M. Kr\u00f6tzsch, and S. Rudolph, Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall\/CRC, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Parametric Model<\/a> ><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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