{"id":22397,"date":"2025-02-10T07:26:53","date_gmt":"2025-02-10T07:26:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=22397"},"modified":"2025-02-10T19:32:58","modified_gmt":"2025-02-10T19:32:58","slug":"life-cycle-analysis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=22397","title":{"rendered":"3. Life Cycle Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Life cycle assessment has become one of the standard methods used to assess the environmental and energy performance of processes over their complete life cycle, from material extraction and production to operation and maintenance (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ISO 14040, 2006<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Life cycle assessment (LCA) is extensively used in the area of urban water management, whether for the entire urban water system or a component of the system including wastewater treatment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This project\u2019s LCA plans are to assess the environmental footprint of the combined system over the life stages. We can determine the best maintenance strategies that cut down the ecological impact\u00a0 by\u00a0 reviewing the critical resource use and emissions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The domain of focus is as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Finding out the collective amount of energy used\u00a0 to facilitate the complete life cycle processes<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Freshwater utilized across the lifespan<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CO2 emissions across the stages.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Scope and Goal<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The figure below(Figure 1) depicts the system boundary for the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis, highlighting the important phases in the manufacturing, installation, and operation of system components, including sludge digesters, stormwater pipes, and roads and the parameters. By outlining these parameters, we hope to assist engineers in making decisions that maximize resource efficiency while maintaining long-term system performance.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23255\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23255\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-205551.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23255\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-205551-1024x514.png\" alt=\"Figure x: System boundary for LCA\" width=\"1024\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-205551-1024x514.png 1024w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-205551-300x150.png 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-205551-520x261.png 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-205551-740x371.png 740w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-205551.png 1336w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23255\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: System boundary for LCA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The life cycle analysis portion of the R code recycles functions from previous studies to find the total life cycle energy, CO2 emissions, and water use based on the number of interventions. The interventions, which have already undergone optimization through the Pareto function, are optimized across all three systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following LCI table was used to calculate the quantities of energy, CO2 and H2O over the lifetime, the scope of which includes the stages from the raw material extraction, processing, and production to the operation and maintenance of the urban system during its life cycle.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>material<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>scope<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>quantities<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>energy<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>CO\u2082\u00a0<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>H\u2082O (m\u00b3)<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HDPE Polymer<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HDPE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">324.66<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">16665.65<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2527.83<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3.96 (IPlex Pipelines, 2021)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbon Black<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HDPE<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">6.49<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">233.64<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">47.05<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PRC<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">350<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">350<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.85<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0.47 (Wayman et al., 2020)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coarse Aggregates<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PRC<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">850<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">120<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2.12<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fine Aggregates<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PRC<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">500<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0.63<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reinforcement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PRC<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">90<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">320<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1.5<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">28.6 (Colla et al., 2017)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Table 1: Life Cycle Inventory(LCI) used for LCA in R<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For a comprehensive analysis, we also use the unit costs of each of the resources that we took into account, which is summarized in Table 2.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23265\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23265\" style=\"width: 947px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-233709.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23265\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-233709.png\" alt=\"Figure : Unit costs for parameters\" width=\"947\" height=\"198\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-233709.png 947w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-233709-300x63.png 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-233709-520x109.png 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-233709-740x155.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 947px) 100vw, 947px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23265\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Table 2\u00a0: Unit costs for parameters<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the analysis, the total resource allocations and emissions, as well as the impact costs of the combined system over its lifecycle is as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23269\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23269\" style=\"width: 448px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-225442.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23269\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-225442.png\" alt=\"Figure : Life Cycle Impact assessment\" width=\"448\" height=\"65\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-225442.png 448w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-225442-300x44.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23269\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Table 3: Life Cycle Impact assessment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is evident that energy consumption is the dominant factor amongst the group. It is reasonable as energy is most commonly used in each life cycle stages of the combined system, from extraction of raw materials to maintenance of systems. This constant use of energy thus results in high energy consumption.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23272\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23272\" style=\"width: 846px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-231207.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23272\" src=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-231207.png\" alt=\"Figure : Pareto Front of Duration vs Cost\" width=\"846\" height=\"462\" srcset=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-231207.png 846w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-231207-300x164.png 300w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-231207-520x284.png 520w, http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-10-231207-740x404.png 740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 846px) 100vw, 846px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23272\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2 : Pareto Front of Duration vs Cost<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From\u00a0Figure 2, the pareto plot of Total duration of Interventions and the Costs, a clear representation of trade-off between costs and duration of interventions are visible. Each point on the plot represents a viable maintenance option, where the red dots connected by the blue line represent the Pareto Optimal solutions. This highlights the trade-off where minimizing costs would demand higher duration of interventions and vice-versa. This visualization aids in determining the best maintenance strategy that strikes the balance between costs and system downtime.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>References:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Berliner Wasserbetriebe. (2019, December 6). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Our Tariffs for Drinking Water and Drainage<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.BWB.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bwb.de\/en\/1720.php#:~:text=The%20volumetric%20price%20is%20calculated,50\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.bwb.de\/en\/1720.php#:~:text=The%20volumetric%20price%20is%20calculated,50<\/span><\/a>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IPlex Pipelines. (2021, December). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EPD-PE Pipes Environmental Product Declaration<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. IPlex Pipelines NZ Limited. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iplex.co.nz\/assets\/Uploads\/IPL0122_EPD_PE_Brochure_web_ready_2601-website.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.iplex.co.nz\/assets\/Uploads\/IPL0122_EPD_PE_Brochure_web_ready_2601-website.pdf<\/span><\/a>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Colla, V., Matino, I., Branca, T. A., Fornai, B., Romaniello, L., &amp; Rosito, F. (2017). Efficient Use of Water Resources in the Steel Industry. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water, 9<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(11), 874. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w9110874\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w9110874<\/span><\/a>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wayman, M. , Hassan, K. E., &amp; Al-Kuwari, M.S. (2020). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water Footprint Analysis of Construction Aggregates in Qatar<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Towards a Sustainable Water Future: Proceedings of OICWE2020, 200-210. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/oicwe.65253.201\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/oicwe.65253.201<\/span><\/a>.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u2192 Next Page: <a title=\"4. Multi-Objective Optimization(aa)\" href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=22651\">Multi-Objective Optimization<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Life cycle assessment has become one of the standard methods used to assess the environmental and energy performance of processes over their complete life cycle, from material extraction and production to operation and maintenance (ISO<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=22397\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":253,"featured_media":0,"parent":19580,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-22397","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22397","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/253"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22397"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22397\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23510,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22397\/revisions\/23510"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22397"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}