{"id":20657,"date":"2025-02-04T17:54:16","date_gmt":"2025-02-04T17:54:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=20657"},"modified":"2025-02-11T02:53:47","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T02:53:47","slug":"individual-system-residential-building","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=20657","title":{"rendered":"Residential Building (Steel)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Steel Residential BuildingThe construction industry is a major contributor to global environmental impacts, consuming significant amounts of non-renewable resources, energy, water, and raw materials. This study conducts a <strong>Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)<\/strong> to evaluate the environmental footprint of three different structural systems\u2014<strong>Reinforced Concrete (RC), Steel (SC), and Glued-Laminated Timber (GLT) beams<\/strong>\u2014across their full life cycle, from cradle to grave. The analysis focuses particularly on <strong>greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy consumption, and air pollution<\/strong> to provide insights for selecting more sustainable building materials.<\/p>\n<h1>Methodology and Scope<\/h1>\n<p>The assessment covers <strong>100 years of building lifespan<\/strong>, analyzing the embodied carbon, energy usage, and emissions of key pollutants such as <strong>CO\u2082, CH\u2084, NOx, and SO\u2082<\/strong>. Three beam alternatives were evaluated with standardized specifications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RC Beam:<\/strong> 5000 psi concrete with S355 steel rebar<\/li>\n<li><strong>SC Beam:<\/strong> S690 steel (W14x26)<\/li>\n<li><strong>GLT Beam:<\/strong> Softwood lumber with adhesive resins<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The study incorporates <strong>life cycle inventory (LCI) data<\/strong> for material production, maintenance, and end-of-life processes. Various maintenance schedules were established based on material-specific durability and repair needs.<\/p>\n<h2>Key Findings<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>GHG Emissions &amp; Energy Use<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RC beams<\/strong> exhibited <strong>10 times higher CO\u2082 and CH\u2084 emissions<\/strong> than SC and GLT alternatives.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SC beams<\/strong> had the lowest emissions but were <strong>energy-intensive<\/strong> due to steel production.<\/li>\n<li><strong>GLT beams<\/strong> showed moderate energy consumption but had lower chemical emissions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Life Cycle Costs (LCC)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RC beams were the most cost-effective<\/strong> (~\u20ac3161 per building area).<\/li>\n<li><strong>GLT beams were moderately priced<\/strong>, while <strong>SC beams were the most expensive<\/strong> due to high material and processing costs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA &#8211; AHP)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>SC beams ranked highest in environmental performance, followed by GLT beams.<\/li>\n<li>RC beams had the worst environmental impact despite their low cost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h1>Conclusion and Recommendations<\/h1>\n<p>The study highlights the trade-offs between cost and sustainability in material selection.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>RC beams remain the most economical but contribute significantly to environmental pollution<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>SC beams offer the best environmental benefits but are costly<\/strong>, while <strong>GLT beams balance cost and sustainability<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Future improvements could focus on <strong>reducing emissions from RC materials, promoting sustainable steel production, and expanding timber resources for construction<\/strong>. The findings serve as a reference for engineers and policymakers in choosing structural materials based on sustainability goals.<\/p>\n<h4>Full report:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/LCA_project2_chiachengtu_0508005.pdf\">lca_project2_chiachengtu_0508005<\/a><\/h4>\n<hr \/>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\">|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=19480\">Main Page<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=19488\">Introduction<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=19490\">Integration Context of the Civil Systems<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=19492\">Integrated\u00a0Maintenance Strategies<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=19494\">Life Cycle Analysis<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=19496\">Multi-Objective Optimization<\/a>\u00a0|\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=19500\">Engineering Reflections and Recommendation<\/a>\u00a0|<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Steel Residential BuildingThe construction industry is a major contributor to global environmental impacts, consuming significant amounts of non-renewable resources, energy, water, and raw materials. This study conducts a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) to evaluate the<a class=\"read-more\" href=\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=20657\">Continue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":222,"featured_media":0,"parent":19490,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"page-templates\/page_fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-20657","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20657","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/222"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20657"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22740,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/20657\/revisions\/22740"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}