{"id":16605,"date":"2024-02-07T09:28:33","date_gmt":"2024-02-07T09:28:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=16605"},"modified":"2024-02-13T08:40:56","modified_gmt":"2024-02-13T08:40:56","slug":"ontology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/?page_id=16605","title":{"rendered":"Ontology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction<\/h2>\n

Offshore wind turbines represent an important technol<\/span>ogy for generating renewable energy technology and use\u00a0<\/span>the power of the wind to generate clean and sustainable\u00a0<\/span>electricity. Offshore wind turbines are complex systems of\u00a0<\/span>components carefully designed to withstand the demand<\/span>ing environmental conditions of the sea and wind.\u00a0<\/span>The construction of offshore wind turbines requires a mul<\/span>tifaceted approach that includes mechanical, electrical and\u00a0<\/span>structural principles. The towering structures are made up\u00a0<\/span>of various key components, each playing a crucial role in\u00a0<\/span>the overall functionality of the system.\u00a0<\/span>This report focuses on the development of a parametric\u00a0<\/span>model for offshore wind turbines for different environmen<\/span>tal conditions.<\/span> Two significant high-performance criteria\u00a0<\/span>(HPC in the following) are energy output and structural<\/span>\u00a0stability. The parametric model provides a straight<\/span>forward approach for different design options, which are\u00a0<\/span>required due to changing wind loads, water depths and\u00a0<\/span>soil conditions.\u00a0<\/span>Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of offshore\u00a0<\/span>wind turbines with different foundations.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Fig.<\/a>
Fig. 1: Schematic representation of an offshore wind turbine with<\/strong>
different foundations [6]<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>The Federal Republic of Germany\u2019s national goal of be<\/span>coming one of the first climate-neutral industrialized countries to try<\/span>\u00a0by 2045 calls for an energy transition in Germany.\u00a0<\/span>Wind power is an important instrument for achieving this\u00a0<\/span>goal. By 2030, offshore wind energy should amount to at\u00a0<\/span>least 30 gigawatts (hereinafter GW), by 2035 at least 40\u00a0<\/span>GW and by 2045 at least 70 GW. [2]<\/a> According to [3]<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span>the current expansion of wind power is around 23% below\u00a0<\/span>the desired plan.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>In practice, these goals and necessity mean that wind tur<\/span>bines are becoming larger and wind farms are being built\u00a0<\/span>in deeper waters, as the wind speeds are higher there and\u00a0<\/span>therefore greater energy production per system is possible.\u00a0<\/span>While in 1991 an offshore wind turbine was able to harvest\u00a0<\/span>around 0.45 MW, in 2017 it was already 8 MW \u2014 and the\u00a0<\/span>trend is rising.\u00a0[1]<\/a>\u00a0[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>To meet the requirements of high wind speeds,\u00a0<\/span>harsh marine environments, dynamic soil properties and\u00a0<\/span>corrosive salt water, the system design of an offshore wind\u00a0<\/span>turbine must always be adapted individually (or per wind\u00a0<\/span>farm).\u00a0[4]<\/a>\u00a0 Different support structures and rotor diame<\/span>ters and corrosion protection techniques must therefore be\u00a0<\/span>taken into account (see Figure 2).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\"Figure<\/a>
Figure 2: Evolution of wind turbine sizes within the last 26 years. [1]<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The research report from [7]<\/a>\u00a0 captures a very detailed en<\/span>gineering approach that is looking for design solutions to allow\u00a0<\/span>certification of offshore wind turbine design.<\/span> In this report,<\/span>\u00a0an approach to capture systematically the system in\u00a0its components and interrelations is provided (see Figures 3 and\u00a04).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

What is the purpose?<\/h4>\n

The ontology is developed to demonstrate an example of\u00a0<\/span>the conceptual design of offshore wind turbines to pro<\/span>vide an easy-to-understand design framework and make\u00a0<\/span>this much-needed renewable energy generation technology\u00a0<\/span>more accessible. In addition to the various shown system\u00a0<\/span>elements, an attempt is also made to illustrate their inter<\/span>relationships.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0What is the scope?<\/h4>\n

The domain shows a concept for offshore wind turbine systems<\/span>\u00a0in different water depths and soil conditions. The\u00a0<\/span>ontology also includes information like the structure, the\u00a0<\/span>components, and the materials.<\/span> In this ontology, the scope\u00a0<\/span>will be to show three different offshore wind turbines with\u00a0<\/span>different foundations.<\/span><\/p>\n

Who are the intended users?<\/h4>\n

The intended end-users are engineers, researchers, and con<\/span>struction and maintenance contractors for offshore wind\u00a0<\/span>turbines or renewable energies. With the use of this ontol<\/span>ogy, they can access comprehensive information about the\u00a0<\/span>system, its components, and materials and the different\u00a0<\/span>foundation types, which are necessary for different water\u00a0<\/span>depths.<\/span><\/p>\n

What is the intended use?<\/h4>\n
The intended use is to assist in designing different\u00a0<\/span>types of offshore wind turbines. In the ontology, it is pos<\/span>sible to add a lot more details \u2014 f.e. facts about materials\u00a0<\/span>or corrosion protection.<\/span><\/div>\n
An extension of the domain could open up the possibil<\/span>ity of adding additional information about, for example,\u00a0<\/span>the failure rates of the components.<\/span> This could be used\u00a0<\/span>further to carry out life cycle analyses or maintenance<\/span>
\nplanning.<\/span> The development of an ontology always lacks\u00a0<\/span>a universal methodology; each approach contributes to an\u00a0<\/span>ontology with improved clarity, understandability, and er<\/span>ror resolution. By\u00a0[5]<\/a>, an essential aspect\u00a0<\/span>of ontology creation is to establish boundaries, preventing\u00a0<\/span>user overwhelm or confusion. They provide a wide array\u00a0<\/span>of suggestions that can be employed during ontology de<\/span>velopment.\u00a0<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

Components<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Figure<\/a>
Figure 3: Schematic representation of a system recording of the off-<\/strong>
shore wind turbine. [7]<\/a><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

<\/h2>\n

Ontograf<\/h2>\n
\"Figure<\/a>
Figure 4: Ontology of the offshore wind turbine created with Proteg\u00e9.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Engineering Examples<\/h2>\n

Optimizing Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation De<\/span>sign:\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n
Scenario:<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0A project involves the installation of offshore\u00a0<\/span>wind turbines in an area with varying seabed conditions\u00a0<\/span>and water depths. Engineers need to optimize the foundation of<\/span>\u00a0design to ensure stability and efficient energy produc<\/span>tion.<\/span>
\nUse Case<\/strong>:<\/span>\u00a0The ontology serves as a guide for engineers,\u00a0<\/span>providing insights into suitable foundation types and ma<\/span>terials based on seabed characteristics and water depths.\u00a0<\/span>It assists in selecting the most appropriate design elements,\u00a0<\/span>such as pile types and dimensions, considering factors like\u00a0<\/span>water depth and soil properties.<\/span>\u00a0Engineers could utilize\u00a0<\/span>ontology to create a parametric model for structural\u00a0<\/span>analysis, ensuring the optimized foundation design meets\u00a0<\/span>the required performance standards.<\/span><\/div>\n

Integration of Advanced Monitoring Systems for\u00a0<\/span>Offshore Wind Turbines:\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n
Scenario<\/span><\/strong>:<\/strong> A wind farm operator wants to implement ad<\/span>vanced monitoring systems on offshore wind turbines to\u00a0enhance performance monitoring and maintenance efficiency.
\nUse Case<\/strong>:<\/span>\u00a0Engineers use the ontology to understand the\u00a0<\/span>components and technologies available for advanced mon<\/span>itoring systems.<\/span>\u00a0The ontology offers insights into sensor\u00a0<\/span>types, communication protocols, and data analysis meth<\/span>ods suitable for offshore wind turbines. By utilizing the on<\/span>tology, engineers design a comprehensive monitoring sys<\/span>tem, considering factors like turbine health, environmental\u00a0<\/span>conditions, and predictive maintenance needs (The ontol<\/span>ogy needs to be expanded for this case).<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

<\/h4>\n
\n

References<\/h3>\n

[1]\u00a0Afewerki, S., 2019. Firm agency and global production network\u00a0<\/span><\/a>dynamics. European Planning Studies 27, 1483\u20131502<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]\u00a0Deutschland,<\/span> B.,<\/span> 2023.<\/span> Mehr<\/span> energie<\/span> aus<\/span> erneuer<\/span>baren<\/span> quellen<\/span> -energiewende<\/span> beschleunigen.<\/span>\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

[3]\u00a0GmbH, Z.O., 2023.<\/span> Energiemonitor – die wichtigsten daten zur E<\/span>nergieversorgung.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

[4]\u00a0Goudarzi, N., Zhu, W., 2012.<\/span> A review of the development of\u00a0<\/span>wind turbine generators across the world, in:<\/span> ASME Interna<\/span>tional Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Ameri<\/span>can Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 1257\u20131265<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

[5]\u00a0Noy, N.F., McGuinness, D.L., et al., 2001. Ontology development\u00a0<\/span>101: A guide to creating your first ontology.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

[6]\u00a0Petrini,<\/span> F.,<\/span> Manenti,<\/span> S.,<\/span> Gkoumas,<\/span> K.,<\/span> Bontempi,<\/span> F.,<\/span> 2010.\u00a0<\/span>Structural design and analysis of offshore wind turbines from\u00a0<\/span>a system point of view. Wind Engineering 34, 85\u2013107.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0 Vorpahl, F., Schwarze, H., Fischer, T., Seidel, M., Jonkman, J., 2013. Offshore wind turbine environment, loads, simulation, and\u00a0design.<\/span> Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:<\/span> Energy and Environ<\/span>ment 2, 548\u2013570.\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n

\n
\u00a0<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\n

\u00a0\u2190\u00a0Individual Systems<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0|\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Parametric Model<\/a>\u00a0\u2192<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction Offshore wind turbines represent an important technology for generating renewable energy technology and use\u00a0the power of the wind to generate clean and sustainable\u00a0electricity. Offshore wind turbines are complex systems of\u00a0components carefully designed to withstandContinue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":158,"featured_media":0,"parent":15668,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16605","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16605","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/158"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16605"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16605\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17944,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16605\/revisions\/17944"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15668"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16605"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}