![\"fig-1\"](\"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Fig.18.png\")
<\/a><\/p>\nThis scope is defined to make design engineers to decide on the energy and emission factors for each materials used in designing the frame of HRB.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
3.2 Design Options:<\/h4>\n
We have three different design options for this analysis. Fig. 2 shows the different design options used for the analysis and Table 2 describes the three different design options.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n Table 3 represents the composition for different materials used in this project. The table show <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Here RC \u2013 Reinforced Concrete, ST \u2013 Steel and PRC \u2013 Prefab Reinforced Concrete. The For the construction of the timeline we will use the following maintenance interventions as Here CRF \u2013 Concrete Retrofitting, SRF \u2013 Steel Retrofitting, CR \u2013 Concrete Replacement, SR <\/p>\n The Life Cycle Inventory Analysis for the three Options is done and the corresponding results As we look at Fig. 3 we can see the energy consumption of each design option. For Option 1, <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n 7. MCDA \u2013 TOPSIS After conducting the TOPSIS analysis the resulting rankings are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n These results also strongly support for Option 1 (reinforced concrete). In the first TOPSIS <\/p>\n After all the different analysis done for the framed HRB system, we can see that all the <\/p>\n 1. Jerzy Szolomicki and Hanna Golasz-Szolomicka (2019). \u201cTechnological Advances and <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" 1. Introduction: 1.1 High \u2013 Rise Buildings High \u2013 Rise Buildings plays an increasing importance in modern architecture and urban development. Their necessity is rapidly increasing for the process of population growth and its concentrationContinue reading<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":182,"featured_media":0,"parent":13468,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13595","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13595","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/182"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13595"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13595\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13652,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13595\/revisions\/13652"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13468"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/141.23.68.248\/wp\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13595"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a><\/p>\n4. Life Cycle Inventory:<\/h3>\n
\nthe information regarding the energy consumption, CO2, NOX and SO2.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n
\nenergy for each material is in MJ\/t. The quantity for RC and PRC represents for 1m3 of
\nconcrete and the steel in Kg respectively, whereas the quantity for ST represents for 1 Kg and
\nthe corresponding energy and emissions.<\/p>\n\n5. Life-Cycle Timeline<\/h3>\n
\ngiven below:<\/p>\n\n
\n\u2013 Steel Replacement and M \u2013 Maintenance.
\nWe have assigned 01-01-2023 as the start date of the construction and the start point is
\ndefined as FC \u2013 Frame construction. The lifespan of the system is 80 years. The generated
\ntimeline for the Options are shown below.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n6. Life Cycle Inventory Analysis<\/h3>\n
\nare obtained and presented in the figures below.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n
\ni.e. HRB with reinforced concrete frame requires the least energy of around 5000 MJ\/t for the
\nmanufacturing and fabrication of materials, followed by Steel frame and then the most energy
\nis required by prefabricated concrete.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n
\nFor this model let\u2019s conduct the TOPSIS method to analyse the system. TOPSIS is a simple
\nranking method in conception and application. The standard TOPSIS method attempts to
\nchoose alternatives that simultaneously have the shortest distance from the positive ideal
\nsolution and the farthest distance from the negative-ideal solution. The positive ideal solution
\nmaximizes the benefit criteria and minimizes the cost criteria, whereas the negative ideal
\nsolution maximizes the cost criteria and minimizes the benefit criteria. [5]
\nLet\u2019s define the weights for each indicator as follows:<\/p>\n\n
\nFor TOPSIS 1st method we decide the criteria to be minimum for all the indicators.
\nTOPSIS 2nd method works on comparison to ideal solution. For this, we will define the scores
\nfor positive and negative solution.<\/li>\n<\/a><\/p>\n
\nanalysis, we get Option 1 with the highest ranking of 82.85%, but in second TOPSIS analysis
\nwe have all the three options with almost the same ranking, with Option 1 being the highest
\nwith 34.5% followed by Option 2 with 33.1 % and Option 3 with 32.5%.<\/p>\n8. Conclusion:<\/h3>\n
\nanalysis indicates that Option 1 (reinforced concrete) is the best option for the frames of High
\nrise buildings. In life cycle inventory analysis for all the different energy and emission
\ncriterias reinforced concrete had the least emission and energy requirements, even the
\nTOPSIS ranking was also in favour for reinforced concrete. A design engineer can use these
\nanalyses to decide on the Option for the construction of a High Rise Building. But other
\nfactors like its structural strength, its durability etc. should further be looked upon to finalise
\nthis decision. In case of structural strength the Option for steel can be used when the height of
\nthe building increases but the emissions and energy requirement for the materials will be
\nhigher when compared to reinforced concrete [6]. For constructions which are to be done
\nquickly, we can use prefab concrete as they are easy to construct. Also the interventions and
\nmaintenance of the components should be thoroughly checked to have a better analysis result.<\/p>\nReferences:<\/h3>\n
\nTrends in Modern High-Rise Buildings.\u201d Buildings 2019, 9, 193.
\n2. Medgar L. Marceau, Michael A. Nisbet and Martha G. VanGeem (2007). \u201cLife Cycle
\nInventory of Portland Cement Concrete.\u201d Portland Cement Association, PCA R&D, No.
\n3007.
\n3. https:\/\/www.rainhamsteel.co.uk\/products
\n4. Jeannette Sjunnesson (2005). \u201cLife Cycle Assessment of Concrete.\u201d Lund University,
\nDepartment of Technology and Society, Environmental and Energy Systems Studies,
\nMaster Thesis.
\n5. Majid Behzadian, S. Khanmohammadi Otaghsara, Morteza Yazdani and Joshua Ignatius
\n(2012). \u201cA state-of the-art survey of TOPSIS applications.\u201d Expert Systems with
\nApplications, Volume 39.
\n6. Ishii Takumi, Fujisawa Seiji and Ohmori Akio (2009). \u201cOverview and Application of
\nSteel Materials for High-Rise Buildings.\u201d JFE Technical Report 14.<\/p>\n